Abstract
The article examines the typological characteristics of medieval cities and settlements in the Keles region based on archaeological materials and comparative analysis. Special attention is paid to the structure of the sites, their geographical location, and defensive systems. In archaeology, the classification of medieval settlements is considered an important approach for understanding the development of urban culture and historical processes in a particular region.
The study is based on the works of A.D. Lyublinskaya, V.M. Masson, E.V. Rtveladze, Yu.A. Zadneprovsky, V.M. Rostovtsev, E.I. Ageeva, G.I. Patsevich, K.A. Akishev, K.M. Baipakov, A.N. Bernshtam, P.N. Kozhemyako, and M. Eleuov. Their research provided the methodological foundation for the classification of archaeological monuments in the Keles region. These scholars grouped medieval settlements according to their size, internal structure, location, and functions.
Particular attention was given to the traditional three-part layout consisting of the citadel, shahristan, and rabad, as well as the preservation of defensive walls and towers. Comparative materials from the Semirechye and Shu–Talas regions were also used to identify the main typological features and historical significance of the settlements.
01 Introduction
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