Abstract
The Baite complex is an ancient cult site on the western fringes of Usturt, overlooking the Mangystau lowland. Until now, only archaeological excavations have been conducted on this monument complex. In the 2024 field toponymic expedition, an introductory study of the Baite monuments was conducted, gathering data from local historians. This article analyzes the emergence of the Baite toponymic complex, the ethnic situation of that era, political conditions, and ethnic mixing.
The gathered toponymic and ethnographic materials prompt a reevaluation of the Baite complex. Firstly, the monument's “Sarmato-Alan” origin has been established among researchers; the author suggests returning to the Latin name Sarmatae. Secondly, the Aors, a key component of the Sarmatian tribes, is linked to the Kunanorys tribe, part of the Aday confederation in Mangystau. Thirdly, the eponym Suyndyk in the Kunanorys lineage refers to the Xiongnu/Syunbu of the Huns, while Zhundy relates to the Jun-di/Shan-rong tribe that joined later. Currently, they can be found within the Argin and Aday confederations.Finally, the tamgas found in Baite are particularly interesting; research indicates continuity with medieval Oghuz and Kazakh symbols.
01 Introduction
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