Vol. 108 No. 1 (2025): Мәдени мұра №1 (108) 2025

In the ancient Turkic era, special rituals were performed for the burial of the deceased. One key element was the “badiz” (ancient Turkic: bediz > bediz stone sculpture). Such badiz are found in abundance in the Eurasian space, especially the art of badiz carving became a distinctive tradition, particularly flourishing during the Turkic and Kipchak eras. The article examines the ethnocultural significance of the study of the ritual complexes of the ancient Turks in the Great Steppe, its components – baryk (the main complex structure, stone sides), badiz (stone sculpture), bitiktas (inscriptional stone), a series of balbals oriented to the east and water ditches, a system of earthen enclosures, and a brick floor. The ancient Turks had burial grounds, rock burials, and ritual complexes. These were of various sizes depending on the political and military structure of the Turkic Khaganate. In this context, we also aimed to revive the ancient names in the ancient Turkic language. The study aims to revive ancient Turkic terminology through a comparative analysis of archaeological complexes, etymological research, and the interpretation of ancient Turkic inscriptions, Chinese chronicles, and ethnographic materials from excavations.

For centuries, blacksmithing has occupied a special place in the culture of many peoples. Blacksmithing is not only a craft, but also a special sacred phenomenon with deep symbolic meaning. Mysterious phenomena related to blacksmithing in the traditional culture of the Kazakh people have formed sacred concepts in the minds of the people. In this regard, the article examines the ethnocultural semantics of linguistic units associated with the sacred concepts of blacksmithing in the context of historical and cultural heritage. The purpose of the work is to determine the nature of sacred concepts, the continuity of material and spiritual culture, fixed in the linguistic and cultural semantics of ethnocultural names related to blacksmithing.

The populations of Karabakh, as a part of the Azerbaijani Turks, and our compatriots living abroad, have created rich examples of spiritual culture distinguished by their local characteristics for many centuries. Bayatis are one of the main areas of folk creativity. This inexhaustible wealth of words, which reflects the spiritual power of our people, the view of socio-political, social and historical events, is the product of the work of creative people of different times.

Most of the informants who used to tell us these stale stories are in the world of truth. Most of these bayatis attract attention with their originality.

The traditions of the people of Karabakh have not been studied from a historical-ethnological point of view. Therefore, an attempt has been made to investigate this issue and its place in the life of the population has been analyzed. The purpose of the research is to write down the characteristic features, their analysis, relevance, and analysis and description of the stales of the region that we are investigating.

In the article, field-ethnological and literary materials, the information of people who passed away and composed stale examples in the language of family members, as well as their grandchildren, were used.

Historically, multifaceted irrigation systems (ditches, springs, wells, pools, ponds, etc.) were created in the territory of Azerbaijan. Qanat (kahriz), which is an artificial irrigation system, is one of the most valuable inventions of mankind. The qanat system, which mainly provides the transportation of water from the mountainous area to another place, has expanded due to the development of urban culture. Along with the beautification of the cities, the qanat system influenced their social planning. Artisan workshops were located near the qanat and suburban gardens and fields were planted.The qanat system, which has been formed since ancient times in different areas of the world, including Azerbaijan, is an indicator of the formation of agriculture, sedentary life and urban culture in the country. Archaeological excavations of the last period in Azerbaijan confirmed the spread of the qanat system mainly in the period after the Arab invasions. Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Ganja, Gazakh, etc. Although many of the qanat in the areas are not used now, ethnographic studies show that the qanat culture is still preserved in some cities (Ordubad and others). The main purpose of the research is to study the ancient water supply system and thereby investigate the lifestyle and cultural heritage of the people. While conducting the research, the kahriz system was introduced in a number of cities (Ordubad, Nakhchivan, Ganja, etc.) and the importance of kahriz in the daily life of the population was studied. Along with ethnographic observations, surveys were conducted among the population. The article used medieval sources (Hamdullah Qazvini, Nadir Mirza Qajar, Hindushah Nakhchivani, etc.), works of European authors (E. Polak, J. Brown, etc.) and modern research.

The presented article is dedicated to the issues of spiritual culture of the population of the Tahla valley of the Karayazi region of the Republic of Georgia. Here, mainly examples of folk creativity - love art, oldies, lullabies, similes, proverbs and proverbs, riddles, as well as beliefs are included in ethnographic research for the first time, their place and role in the life and everyday life of the population is listed and it is shown that the examples of spiritual culture, which contain ancient history, have been torn from the heart of the people, filtered from the world of the heart, and are being passed down from generation to generation, from memory to memory, as a valuable artistic document.

It is no coincidence that the population of Tahla Chukay, which has ancient roots, is involved in ethnological research. The fact that our grandfather Koroglu, a lover-poet-knight of the 17th century, was from the Tahla tribe plays a key role in this case. Professor Jamal Mustafayev, an outstanding philosopher and scientist, whose face and eyes shine, who is loved by the whole Turkish world, and whose words have been admired by several scientists and pundits, Professor Jamal Mustafayev, about the dangers, also helps to justify our opinion. He emphasized: "The community of Tahla stands out in the whole of Karayazi as a community that stands out in the whole of Karayazi as a bold, upright, truth-loving, honesty-loving, loyal to its roots, loyal to its moral and spiritual values ​​and self-affirming" (Aliyev-Tahlali, 2012:9).

The scientific article examines the methods and techniques of medieval nomads who made a significant contribution to the development of warfare and military art in the Eurasian region. The militarization of the nomadic way of life was reflected in the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of the Middle Ages. Historical evidence suggests that the nomads were the creators of a military system that had military and political superiority over its rivals for several centuries. The multifaceted problems of the military history of nomadic peoples are currently being studied comprehensively. However, the military-historical topic currently remains one of the insufficiently studied in Kazakh historiography.

The purpose of this scientific article, written on this basis, is to determine the tactics of warfare, types of weapons, military structure and methods of warfare of the fighters of the Kazakh Khanate by studying their military art. There is also an analysis of the historical development of the Kazakh military tradition, its relationship with neighboring peoples and its influence on modern military art. There is also an analysis of the historical development of the Kazakh military tradition, its relationship with neighboring peoples and its influence on modern military art. The article analyzes and analyzes historical data on the military art of the Kazakh people using the methods of historical-comparative and historical-typological, inductive analysis.

This study allows us to better understand the military heritage of the Kazakh people and evaluate it from the perspective of modernity. Priority was given to comparison and analysis approaches aimed at disclosing data, the content of scientifically formulated facts related to the periods of formation and introduction of the Kazakh military art. Generalized data and information about the military art of the Kazakh people were presented in scientific circulation with differentiation.

This article analyzes the activities of Radio Azattyk (Radio Liberty) in covering the history of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period. Based on a review of radio programs broadcast in the last century, the role of the radio station as an important channel for disseminating an alternative view of the past of Kazakhstan, which opposed the official Soviet historiography, is examined.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the activities of Radio Azattyk in covering the history of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period in order to identify its role in shaping an alternative historical perspective. The study is based on a comprehensive methodology, including the analysis of radio programs and publications, discourse analysis to identify narratives, and a historical and cultural assessment of public perception of the radio.

The article shows that Azattyk consistently criticized the ideological bias of Soviet historical works, calling for objectivity, truthfulness, and freedom from censorship in historical research. The radio station paid special attention to the rehabilitation of the Alash intelligentsia, presenting them as national heroes and fighters for self-determination. In contrast to the Soviet narrative, Azattyk denied the voluntary nature of Kazakhstan's accession to Russia and emphasized the dependent status of the republic within the USSR. The radio station also actively promoted national values and introduced listeners to foreign scientific works on Kazakh history, expanding the information space and offering an alternative view of key events and figures of the past. The article emphasizes the significant role of Radio Azattyk in shaping a critical attitude toward Soviet historiography and in preserving national historical memory in the face of ideological pressure.

«ХХ ғасыр басындағы Солтүстік Қазақстан: Алаш зиялыларының қоғамдық-саяси қызметі» атты монографиялық еңбекте Қазақстан тарихындағы Алаш қозғалысының тарихи маңыздылығы, Алаш саяси партиясының және Алашорда үкіметінің Солтүстік Қазақстандағы қоғамдық-саяси қызметі, рухани мұрасы жайында құнды мәліметтер берілген. Солтүстік Қазақстан өңіріндегі Алаш қозғалысының қайраткерлері, олардың қозғалысқа қатысуынан бастап, күрескерлік деңгейге көтерілуі нақты деректік материалдармен, мысалдармен пайымдалған. Сондай-ақ, кітапта Алаш қайраткерлерінің қызметі, олардың қилы тағдыры, қуғын-сүргінге ұшыраған кездегі тергеу істері және сол кезеңдегі саяси мәселелер жайында мол ақпарат қамтылған.